Vom chemischen Element Aluminium sind 22 Isotope und mehrere Kernisomere bekannt. In der Natur treten das stabile Isotop 27Al (fast 100 %) und das Radioisotop 26Al (in Spuren, Halbwertszeit ca. 720000 Jahre) auf. Alle anderen Isotope sind instabil mit kleinen Halbwertszeiten von unter 7 Minuten oder weit darunter.
Natürlich auftretende Aluminium-Isotope
Die natürliche Isotopenzusammensetzung (Isotopenverhältnis) des in der Natur auftretenden Aluminiums kann mehr oder weniger stark variieren.
Atommasse Ar | Anteil | Halbwertszeit | Spin | |
Aluminium Isotopengemisch | 26,9815384 u | 100 % | ||
Isotop 26Al | 25,98689188(7) u | Spuren | 7,17(24) × 105 Jahre | 5+ |
Isotop 27Al | 26,9815385(7) u | 100 % | stabil | 5/2+ |
Isotopentabelle: Aluminium
Isotop Nuklid | Z | A | N | Name | Atommasse [Kernmasse] {Massenüberschuss} | Spin I (h/2π) | μ | A-Nuk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
21Al | 13 | 21 | 8 | Aluminium-21 | 21,029080(640) u [21,0219485 u] {27,08785 MeV} | (5/2+) | ||
22Al | 13 | 22 | 9 | Aluminium-22 | 22,019540(430) u [22,0124085 u] {18,20139 MeV} | (4)+ | 22Si | |
23Al | 13 | 23 | 10 | Aluminium-23 | 23,0072444(4) u [23,0001129 u] {6,74812 MeV} | 5/2+ | +3,89(22) | 23Si |
24Al | 13 | 24 | 11 | Aluminium-24 | 23,99994760(24) u [23,9928161 u] {-0,04881 MeV} | 4+ | 24Si | |
24mAl | 13 | 24 | 11 | Aluminium-24m | 23,99994760(24) u [23,9928161 u] {-0,04881 MeV} | 1+ | 2,99(9) | |
25Al | 13 | 25 | 12 | Aluminium-25 | 24,99042831(7) u [24,9832968 u] {-8,91597 MeV} | 5/2+ | 3,6447(12) | 25Si 26P 27S |
26Al | 13 | 26 | 13 | Aluminium-26 | 25,98689188(7) u [25,9797604 u] {-12,21014 MeV} | 5+ | +2,803(4) | 26Si 27P |
26mAl | 13 | 26 | 13 | Aluminium-26m | 25,98689186(7) u [25,9797604 u] {-12,21015 MeV} | 0+ | ||
27Al | 13 | 27 | 14 | Aluminium-27 | 26,9815385(7) u [26,974407 u] {-17,19678 MeV} | 5/2+ | +3,64070(2) | 27Mg 27Si 28P |
28Al | 13 | 28 | 15 | Aluminium-28 | 27,98191001(5) u [27,9747785 u] {-16,85072 MeV} | 3+ | 3,241(5) | 28Mg |
29Al | 13 | 29 | 16 | Aluminium-29 | 28,9804532(4) u [28,9733217 u] {-18,20773 MeV} | 5/2+ | 29Mg | |
30Al | 13 | 30 | 17 | Aluminium-30 | 29,982968(3) u [29,9758365 u] {-15,86521 MeV} | 3+ | 3,010(7) | 30Mg |
31Al | 13 | 31 | 18 | Aluminium-31 | 30,9839498(24) u [30,9768183 u] {-14,95066 MeV} | 5/2(+) | +3,832(5) | 31Mg |
32Al | 13 | 32 | 19 | Aluminium-32 | 31,988084(8) u [31,9809525 u] {-11,09968 MeV} | 1+ | 1,953(2) | 32Mg 33Mg |
32mAl | 13 | 32 | 19 | Aluminium-32m | 31,988084(8) u [31,9809525 u] {-11,09968 MeV} | (4+) | ||
33Al | 13 | 33 | 20 | Aluminium-33 | 32,990878(8) u [32,9837465 u] {-8,49709 MeV} | (5/2)+ | 4,090(5) | 33Mg 34Mg |
34Al | 13 | 34 | 21 | Aluminium-34 | 33,996779(3) u [33,9896475 u] {-3,00034 MeV} | (4-) | + 2,157(6) | 34Mg |
35Al | 13 | 35 | 22 | Aluminium-35 | 34,999760(8) u [34,9926285 u] {-0,22356 MeV} | (5/2+) | ||
36Al | 13 | 36 | 23 | Aluminium-36 | 36,00639(16) u [35,9992585 u] {5,95225 MeV} | |||
37Al | 13 | 37 | 24 | Aluminium-37 | 37,01053(19) u [37,0033985 u] {9,80863 MeV} | 5/2+ | ||
38Al | 13 | 38 | 25 | Aluminium-38 | 38,0174(4) u [38,0102685 u] {16,208 MeV} | (0-) | ||
39Al | 13 | 39 | 26 | Aluminium-39 | 39,02217(43) u [39,0150385 u] {20,65122 MeV} | (5/2+) | ||
40Al | 13 | 40 | 27 | Aluminium-40 | 40,02962(43) u [40,0224885 u] {27,59085 MeV} | |||
41Al | 13 | 41 | 28 | Aluminium-41 | 41,03588(54) u [41,0287485 u] {33,422 MeV} | 5/2+ | ||
42Al | 13 | 42 | 29 | Aluminium-42 | 42,04305(64) u [42,0359185 u] {40,10082 MeV} | |||
43Al | 13 | 43 | 30 | Aluminium-43 | 43,05048(86) u [43,0433485 u] {47,02182 MeV} |
Isotop | Zerfall (radioaktiver Zerfall) | AE | Mehr | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | Anteil | Energie | Info | ||
1 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Al-21 | < 10 ps | p zu 20Mg | AL | |||
Al-22 | 91,1(5) ms | β+ zu 22Mg β+, p zu 21Na β+, 2p zu 20Ne β+, α zu 18Ne | 43,862 % 55 % 1,1 % 0,038 % | 18,601(401) MeV | AL | |
Al-23 | 446(6) ms | EE/β+ zu 23Mg β+, p zu 22Na | 98,06 % 1,04(3) % | 12,2217(3) MeV | AL | |
Al-24 | 2,053(4) s | EE/β+ zu 24Mg β+, p zu 23Na β+, α zu 20Ne | 99,96 % 0,0016(3) % 0,035(6) % | 13,88477(23) MeV 2,19202(23) MeV 4,560 MeV | AL | |
Al-24m | 130,7(13) ms | EE/β+ zu 24Mg ε, α zu 20Ne Iso zu 24Al | 30,4(7) % 0,028(6) % 69,6(7) % | 14,31058(10) MeV 4,986 MeV 0,42581(10) MeV | 425,81(10) keV | AL |
Al-25 | 7,183(12) s | EE/β+ zu 25Mg | 100 % | 4,27681(8) MeV | AL | |
Al-26 | 7,17(24) × 105 Jahre | EE β+ zu 26Mg | 100 % | 4,00439(7) MeV | AL | |
Al-26m | 6,3460(8) s | EE β+ zu 26Mg | 100 % | 4,233 MeV | 228,305(13) keV | AL |
Al-27 | stabil | AL | ||||
Al-28 | 2,245(2) Minuten | β- zu 28Si | 100 % | 4,64208(5) MeV | AL | |
Al-29 | 6,56(6) Minuten | β- zu 29Si | 100 % | 3,687(3) MeV | AL | |
Al-30 | 3,62(6) s | β- zu 30Si | 100 % | 8,5681(29) MeV | AL | |
Al-31 | 644(25) ms | β- zu 31Si β-, n zu 30Si | 98,4 % 1,6 % | 7,9983(22) MeV 1,4109(22) MeV | AL | |
Al-32 | 33,0(2) ms | β- zu 32Si β-, n zu 31Si | 99,3(5) % 0,7(5) % | 12,978(7) MeV 3,778(7) MeV | AL | |
Al-32m | 200(20) ns | Iso zu 32Al | 100 % | 956,6(5) keV | AL | |
Al-33 | 41,7(2) ms | β- zu 33Si β-, n zu 32Si | 91,5(5) % 8,5(7) % | 12,017(7) MeV 7,509(7) MeV | AL | |
Al-34 | 56,3(5) ms | β- zu 34Si β-, n zu 33Si | 74(4) % 26(4) % | 16,957(14) MeV 9,443(3) MeV | AL | |
Al-35 | 38,3(4) ms | β- zu 35Si β-, n zu 34Si | 62(2) % 38(2) % | 14,14057 MeV 11,6656 MeV | AL | |
Al-36 | 90(40) ms | β- zu 36Si β-, n zu 35Si | > 69 % < 31 % | 18,3680 MeV 12,2395 MeV | AL | |
Al-37 | 10,7(13) ms | β- zu 37Si β-, n zu 36Si | 100 % ? | 16,38(21) MeV 14,17(19) MeV | AL | |
Al-38 | 9,0(7) ms | β- zu 38Si β-, n zu 37Si β-, 2n zu 36Si | ? ? ? | 20,38(39) MeV 14,71(39) MeV | AL | |
Al-39 | 7,6(16) ms | β- zu 39Si β-, n 38Si β-, 2n 37Si | 100 % ? ? | 18,33(42) MeV 16,75(41) MeV | AL | |
Al-40 | 260 ns | β- zu 40Si β-, n 39Si β-, 2n 38Si | 100 % ? ? | 22,16(53) MeV 17,20(42) MeV | AL | |
Al-41 | > 260 ns | β- zu 41Si β-, n zu 40Si | 100 % ? | 21,30(75) MeV 19,92(61) MeV | AL | |
Al-42 | 170 ns | β- zu 42Si β-, n zu 41Si β-, 2n zu 40Si | ? ? ? | 23,663(78) MeV 19,91(82) MeV | AL | |
Al-43 | 170 ns | β- zu 43Si β-, n zu 42Si β-, 2n zu 41Si | ? ? ? | 23,92(10) MeV 22,48(94) MeV | AL |
Erläuterungen zu den einzelnen Spalten:
1 - Symbol mit Nukleonenzahl.
2 - Z = Anzahl der Protonen (Ordnungszahl).
3 - Massenzahl A.
4 - N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
5 - Bezeichnung des Aluminium-Isotops; gegebenenfalls Trivialnamen.
6 - Relative Atommasse des Aluminium-Isotops (Isotopenmasse inklusive Elektronen) und in eckigen Klammern die Masse des Atomkerns (Kernmasse, Nuklidmasse ohne Elektronen), jeweils bezogen auf 12C = 12,00000 [2]. Zusätzlich ist der Massenüberschuss (Massenexzess) in MeV angegeben.
7 - Kernspin I, Einheit: h/2π.
8 - Kernmagnetisches Moment μmag.
9 - Ausgangsnuklide: Mögliche, angenommene oder tatsächliche Ausgangs-Nuklide (Mutternuklide, Elternnuklide). Die entsprechenden Zerfalls-Modi sind gegebenenfalls bei den Daten des jeweiligen Ausgangsnuklids zu finden.
10 - Zerfall: Halbwertszeiten des Aluminium-Isotops mit a = Jahre; ; d = Tage; h = Stunden; min = Minuten; s = Sekunden.
11 - Zerfall: Zerfallsart in die jeweiligen Tochternuklide mit n = Neutronenemission; p = Protonenemission; α = Alpha-Zerfall; ß- = Beta-Minus-Zerfall unter Elektronenemission; EE = Elektroneneinfang; ß+ = Positronenemission; ε = ß+ und/oder EE; Iso = Isomerieübergang; CZ = Cluster-Zerfall; SZ = Spontanzerfall.
12 - Zerfall: Zerfallsanteil in Prozent (%).
13 - Zerfall: Zerfallsenergie; Partikelenergie bezogen auf Zerfallsart.
14 - AE = Anregungsenergie für metastabile Kerne.
15 - Sonstige Informationen und Hinweise: AL = Weitere Niveaus, so genannte Adopted Levels (Verlinkung auf externe Daten [1]).
Sonstige:
()- Eingeklammerte Ziffern: Unsicherheit zur Darstellung der Streubreite des angegebenen Wertes.
~ - Theoretische Werte oder systematische Trends.
- ungelistet-: Nuklide, die in der Literatur bereits erwänhnt wurden, aber aus irgendwelchen Gründen in den aktuellen Nuklidtabellen nicht mehr zu finden sind, weil sich deren Entdeckung z. B. nicht bestätigt hat.
NMR-aktive Aluminium-Nuklide
Nuklid Anteil Spin I | Kernmagnetisches Moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis 107 rad T-1 s-1 | Quadrupol- Moment Q [barn] | Resonanz- Frequenz v0 bei 1 T | Relative Empfindlichkeit H0 = const. v0 = const. * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
27Al 100 % 5/2+ | +3,64070(2) | 6,976 | + 0,1466(10) | 11,1031 | 0,20689 3,0424 |
*) bezogen auf 1H = 1,000
Strahlenschutz
Für den Umgang mit den Aluminium-Radionukliden gelten gemäß Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV 2018) unter anderem folgende Werte (Spalten 1 bis 7):
Nuklid | Freigrenzen | HRQ-Schwelle | OFK | Tochternuklide | Halbwertszeit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-26 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,03 TBq | 720000 Jahre |
(HRQ = Hochradioaktive Quellen; OFK = Oberflächenkontamination)
Kernisobare Nuklide des Aluminiums
Zu den Aluminium-Nukliden isobare Atomkerne befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; Z = Ordnungszahl; A = Nukleonenzahl (Massenzahl).
Z: | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | C | N | O | F | Ne | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn |
21 | 21C | 21N | 21O | 21F | 21Ne | 21Na | 21Mg | 21Al | ||||||||||||
22 | 22C | 22N | 22O | 22F | 22Ne | 22Na | 22Mg | 22Al | 22Si | |||||||||||
23 | 23N | 23O | 23F | 23Ne | 23Na | 23Mg | 23Al | 23Si | ||||||||||||
24 | 24N | 24O | 24F | 24Ne | 24Na | 24Mg | 24Al | 24Si | 24P | |||||||||||
25 | 25N | 25O | 25F | 25Ne | 25Na | 25Mg | 25Al | 25Si | 25P | |||||||||||
26 | 26O | 26F | 26Ne | 26Na | 26Mg | 26Al | 26Si | 26P | 26S | |||||||||||
27 | 27F | 27Ne | 27Na | 27Mg | 27Al | 27Si | 27P | 27S | ||||||||||||
28 | 28F | 28Ne | 28Na | 28Mg | 28Al | 28Si | 28P | 28S | 28Cl | |||||||||||
29 | 29F | 29Ne | 29Na | 29Mg | 29Al | 29Si | 29P | 29S | 29Cl | |||||||||||
30 | 30F | 30Ne | 30Na | 30Mg | 30Al | 30Si | 30P | 30S | 30Cl | 30Ar | ||||||||||
31 | 31F | 31Ne | 31Na | 31Mg | 31Al | 31Si | 31P | 31S | 31Cl | 31Ar | ||||||||||
32 | 32Ne | 32Na | 32Mg | 32Al | 32Si | 32P | 32S | 32Cl | 32Ar | 32K | ||||||||||
33 | 33Ne | 33Na | 33Mg | 33Al | 33Si | 33P | 33S | 33Cl | 33Ar | 33K | ||||||||||
34 | 34Ne | 34Na | 34Mg | 34Al | 34Si | 34P | 34S | 34Cl | 34Ar | 34K | 34Ca | |||||||||
35 | 35Na | 35Mg | 35Al | 35Si | 35P | 35S | 35Cl | 35Ar | 35K | 35Ca | ||||||||||
36 | 36Na | 36Mg | 36Al | 36Si | 36P | 36S | 36Cl | 36Ar | 36K | 36Ca | 36Sc | |||||||||
37 | 37Na | 37Mg | 37Al | 37Si | 37P | 37S | 37Cl | 37Ar | 37K | 37Ca | 37Sc | |||||||||
38 | 38Mg | 38Al | 38Si | 38P | 38S | 38Cl | 38Ar | 38K | 38Ca | 38Sc | 38Ti | |||||||||
39 | 39Mg | 39Al | 39Si | 39P | 39S | 39Cl | 39Ar | 39K | 39Ca | 39Sc | 39Ti | |||||||||
40 | 40Mg | 40Al | 40Si | 40P | 40S | 40Cl | 40Ar | 40K | 40Ca | 40Sc | 40Ti | 40V | ||||||||
41 | 41Al | 41Si | 41P | 41S | 41Cl | 41Ar | 41K | 41Ca | 41Sc | 41Ti | 41V | 41Cr | ||||||||
42 | 42Al | 42Si | 42P | 42S | 42Cl | 42Ar | 42K | 42Ca | 42Sc | 42Ti | 42V | 42Cr | 42Mn | |||||||
43 | 43Al | 43Si | 43P | 43S | 43Cl | 43Ar | 43K | 43Ca | 43Sc | 43Ti | 43V | 43Cr | 43Mn |
Kernisotone Nuklide des Aluminiums
Die zu den Aluminium-Kernen isotonen Nuklide befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10He | ||||||||||||||||||||||
11Li | 12Li | |||||||||||||||||||||
12Be | 13Be | 14Be | 15Be | 16Be | ||||||||||||||||||
13B | 14B | 15B | 16B | 17B | 18B | 19B | 20B | 21B | ||||||||||||||
14C | 15C | 16C | 17C | 18C | 19C | 20C | 21C | 22C | ||||||||||||||
15N | 16N | 17N | 18N | 19N | 20N | 21N | 22N | 23N | 24N | 25N | ||||||||||||
16O | 17O | 18O | 19O | 20O | 21O | 22O | 23O | 24O | 25O | 26O | ||||||||||||
17F | 18F | 19F | 20F | 21F | 22F | 23F | 24F | 25F | 26F | 27F | 28F | 29F | 30F | 31F | ||||||||
18Ne | 19Ne | 20Ne | 21Ne | 22Ne | 23Ne | 24Ne | 25Ne | 26Ne | 27Ne | 28Ne | 29Ne | 30Ne | 31Ne | 32Ne | 33Ne | 34Ne | ||||||
19Na | 20Na | 21Na | 22Na | 23Na | 24Na | 25Na | 26Na | 27Na | 28Na | 29Na | 30Na | 31Na | 32Na | 33Na | 34Na | 35Na | 36Na | 37Na | 38Na | 39Na | ||
20Mg | 21Mg | 22Mg | 23Mg | 24Mg | 25Mg | 26Mg | 27Mg | 28Mg | 29Mg | 30Mg | 31Mg | 32Mg | 33Mg | 34Mg | 35Mg | 36Mg | 37Mg | 38Mg | 39Mg | 40Mg | ||
21Al | 22Al | 23Al | 24Al | 25Al | 26Al | 27Al | 28Al | 29Al | 30Al | 31Al | 32Al | 33Al | 34Al | 35Al | 36Al | 37Al | 38Al | 39Al | 40Al | 41Al | 42Al | 43Al |
22Si | 23Si | 24Si | 25Si | 26Si | 27Si | 28Si | 29Si | 30Si | 31Si | 32Si | 33Si | 34Si | 35Si | 36Si | 37Si | 38Si | 39Si | 40Si | 41Si | 42Si | 43Si | 44Si |
24P | 25P | 26P | 27P | 28P | 29P | 30P | 31P | 32P | 33P | 34P | 35P | 36P | 37P | 38P | 39P | 40P | 41P | 42P | 43P | 44P | 45P | |
26S | 27S | 28S | 29S | 30S | 31S | 32S | 33S | 34S | 35S | 36S | 37S | 38S | 39S | 40S | 41S | 42S | 43S | 44S | 45S | 46S | ||
28Cl | 29Cl | 30Cl | 31Cl | 32Cl | 33Cl | 34Cl | 35Cl | 36Cl | 37Cl | 38Cl | 39Cl | 40Cl | 41Cl | 42Cl | 43Cl | 44Cl | 45Cl | 46Cl | 47Cl | |||
30Ar | 31Ar | 32Ar | 33Ar | 34Ar | 35Ar | 36Ar | 37Ar | 38Ar | 39Ar | 40Ar | 41Ar | 42Ar | 43Ar | 44Ar | 45Ar | 46Ar | 47Ar | 48Ar | ||||
32K | 33K | 34K | 35K | 36K | 37K | 38K | 39K | 40K | 41K | 42K | 43K | 44K | 45K | 46K | 47K | 48K | 49K | |||||
34Ca | 35Ca | 36Ca | 37Ca | 38Ca | 39Ca | 40Ca | 41Ca | 42Ca | 43Ca | 44Ca | 45Ca | 46Ca | 47Ca | 48Ca | 49Ca | 50Ca | ||||||
36Sc | 37Sc | 38Sc | 39Sc | 40Sc | 41Sc | 42Sc | 43Sc | 44Sc | 45Sc | 46Sc | 47Sc | 48Sc | 49Sc | 50Sc | 51Sc | |||||||
38Ti | 39Ti | 40Ti | 41Ti | 42Ti | 43Ti | 44Ti | 45Ti | 46Ti | 47Ti | 48Ti | 49Ti | 50Ti | 51Ti | 52Ti | ||||||||
40V | 41V | 42V | 43V | 44V | 45V | 46V | 47V | 48V | 49V | 50V | 51V | 52V | 53V | |||||||||
41Cr | 42Cr | 43Cr | 44Cr | 45Cr | 46Cr | 47Cr | 48Cr | 49Cr | 50Cr | 51Cr | 52Cr | 53Cr | 54Cr | |||||||||
42Mn | 43Mn | 44Mn | 45Mn | 46Mn | 47Mn | 48Mn | 49Mn | 50Mn | 51Mn | 52Mn | 53Mn | 54Mn | 55Mn | |||||||||
45Fe | 46Fe | 47Fe | 48Fe | 49Fe | 50Fe | 51Fe | 52Fe | 53Fe | 54Fe | 55Fe | 56Fe | |||||||||||
46Co | 47Co | 48Co | 49Co | 50Co | 51Co | 52Co | 53Co | 54Co | 55Co | 56Co | 57Co | |||||||||||
48Ni | 49Ni | 50Ni | 51Ni | 52Ni | 53Ni | 54Ni | 55Ni | 56Ni | 57Ni | 58Ni | ||||||||||||
53Cu | 54Cu | 55Cu | 56Cu | 57Cu | 58Cu | 59Cu | ||||||||||||||||
54Zn | 55Zn | 56Zn | 57Zn | 58Zn | 59Zn | 60Zn | ||||||||||||||||
59Ga | 60Ga | 61Ga | ||||||||||||||||||||
60Ge | 61Ge | 62Ge | ||||||||||||||||||||
62As | 63As |
Literatur und Hinweise
Eigenschaften der Aluminium-Isotope
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Aluminium: Kernmagnetische Eigenschaften - 27Al-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
Weitere Quellen:
[8] - Isotopenhäufigkeiten, Atommassen und Isotopenmassen: Siehe unter dem jeweiligen Stichwort.
Kategorie: Chemische Elemente
Letzte Änderung am 24.11.2022.
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