Unter Gallium-Isotope werden alle Atomkerne des chemischen Elements Gallium zusammengefasst; diese bestehen aus einem Atomkern mit 31 Protonen und im ungeladenen Zustand aus 31 Elektronen. Der Unterschied zwischen den einzelnen Gallium-Isotopen liegt in der Anzahl der Neutronen im Kern begründet.
Natürlich auftretende Gallium-Isotope
Natürliche Vorkommen des chemischen Grundstoffs Gallium setzten sich aus den stabilen Isotopen Ga-69 und Ga-61 zusammen. Darüber hinaus sind 26 Radioisotope bekannt.
Die nachfolgende Tabelle gibt Auskunft über die natürliche Isotopenzusammensetzung des Galliums:
Atommasse Ar | Anteil | Halbwertszeit | Spin | |
Gallium Isotopengemisch | 69,723 u | 100 % | ||
Isotop 69Ga | 68,925574(8) u | 60,108(50) % | stabil | 3/2- |
Isotop 71Ga | 70,924703(6) u | 39,892(50) % | stabil | 3/2- |
Die radioaktiven Galliumnuklide Ga-67 und insbesondere Ga-68 werden in der Nuklearmedizin als Radiodiagnostika eingesetzt: PET-Diagnostik (Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie), Peptiddiagnostika. Besonders Gallium-68 steht zur Zeit im Interesse der Forschung, da es sich kostengünstig ohne Cyclotron durch Protonenbestrahlung aus dem stabilen Gallium-69 erzeugen läßt.
Isotopentabelle: Gallium
Isotop Nuklid | Z | A | N | Name | Atommasse [Kernmasse] {Massenüberschuss} | Spin I (h/2π) | μ | A-Nuk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
58Ga | 31 | 58 | 27 | Gallium-58 | ||||
59Ga | 31 | 59 | 28 | Gallium-59 | 58,96376(18) u [58,9467546 u] {-33,75734 MeV} | 3/2-~ | ||
60Ga | 31 | 60 | 29 | Gallium-60 | 59,95750(21) u [59,9404946 u] {-39,58849 MeV} | (2+) | ||
61Ga | 31 | 61 | 30 | Gallium-61 | 60,94940(40) u [60,9323946 u] {-47,1336 MeV} | 3/2- | 61Ge | |
62Ga | 31 | 62 | 31 | Gallium-62 | 61,9441898(7) u [61,9271844 u] {-51,98687 MeV} | 0+ | ||
63Ga | 31 | 63 | 32 | Gallium-63 | 62,9392942(14) u [62,9222888 u] {-56,54709 MeV} | 3/2- | ||
64Ga | 31 | 64 | 33 | Gallium-64 | 63,9368404(15) u [63,919835 u] {-58,83279 MeV} | 0+ | 64Ge | |
64mGa | 31 | 64 | 33 | Gallium-64m | 63,9368404(15) u [63,919835 u] {-58,83279 MeV} | (2+) | ||
65Ga | 31 | 65 | 34 | Gallium-65 | 64,9327344(9) u [64,915729 u] {-62,6575 MeV} | 3/2- | 65Ge | |
66Ga | 31 | 66 | 35 | Gallium-66 | 65,9315898(12) u [65,9145844 u] {-63,72369 MeV} | 0+ | 66Ge | |
67Ga | 31 | 67 | 36 | Gallium-67 | 66,9282023(13) u [66,9111969 u] {-66,87913 MeV} | 3/2- | +1,8507(3) | 67Ge |
68Ga | 31 | 68 | 37 | Gallium-68 | 67,9279802(15) u [67,9109748 u] {-67,08601 MeV} | 1+ | 0,01174(7) | 68Ge |
69Ga | 31 | 69 | 38 | Gallium-69 | 68,925574(8) u [68,9085686 u] {-69,32737 MeV} | 3/2- | +2,01502(6) | 69Ge 69Zn |
70Ga | 31 | 70 | 39 | Gallium-70 | 69,9260219(13) u [69,9090165 u] {-68,91016 MeV} | 1+ | +0,571(2) | 70Ge 70Zn |
71Ga | 31 | 71 | 40 | Gallium-71 | 70,924703(6) u [70,9076976 u] {-70,1387 MeV} | 3/2- | +2,56033(9) | 71Ge 71Zn |
72Ga | 31 | 72 | 41 | Gallium-72 | 71,9263674(9) u [71,909362 u] {-68,58833 MeV} | 3- | - 0,13214(2) | 72Zn |
72mGa | 31 | 72 | 41 | Gallium-72m | 71,9263674(9) u [71,909362 u] {-68,58833 MeV} | (0+) | ||
73Ga | 31 | 73 | 42 | Gallium-73 | 72,9251747(18) u [72,9081693 u] {-69,69932 MeV} | 1/2- | +0,209(2) | 73Zn |
73mGa | 31 | 73 | 42 | Gallium-73m | 72,9251747(18) u [72,9081693 u] {-69,69932 MeV} | 3/2- | ||
74Ga | 31 | 74 | 43 | Gallium-74 | 73,926946(3) u [73,9099406 u] {-68,04936 MeV} | (3-) | 0,00(8) | 74Zn |
74mGa | 31 | 74 | 43 | Gallium-74m | 73,926946(3) u [73,9099406 u] {-68,04936 MeV} | (0+) | ||
75Ga | 31 | 75 | 44 | Gallium-75 | 74,9265002(26) u [74,9094948 u] {-68,46462 MeV} | 3/2- | +1,835(4) | 75Zn |
76Ga | 31 | 76 | 45 | Gallium-76 | 75,9288276(21) u [75,9118222 u] {-66,29666 MeV} | (2+,3+) | -0,945(4) | 76Zn |
77Ga | 31 | 77 | 46 | Gallium-77 | 76,9291543(26) u [76,9121489 u] {-65,99234 MeV} | 3/2(-) | +2,018(3) | 77Zn |
78Ga | 31 | 78 | 47 | Gallium-78 | 77,9316088(20) u [77,9146034 u] {-63,70599 MeV} | (3+) | -1,214(5) | 78Zn 79Zn |
78mGa | 31 | 78 | 47 | Gallium-78m | 77,9316088(20) u [77,9146034 u] {-63,70599 MeV} | |||
79Ga | 31 | 79 | 48 | Gallium-79 | 78,9328523(20) u [78,9158469 u] {-62,54768 MeV} | (3/2)- | +1,046(3) | 79Zn 80Zn |
80Ga | 31 | 80 | 49 | Gallium-80 | 79,936421(3) u [79,9194156 u] {-59,22346 MeV} | 6(-) | +0,036(4) | 80Zn 81Zn |
80mGa | 31 | 80 | 49 | Gallium-80m | 79,936421(3) u [79,9194156 u] {-59,22346 MeV} | 3(-) | -1,425(5) | |
81Ga | 31 | 81 | 50 | Gallium-81 | 80,938134(4) u [80,9211286 u] {-57,62781 MeV} | (5/2-) | +1,746(5) | |
82Ga | 31 | 82 | 51 | Gallium-82 | 81,9431765(26) u [81,9261711 u] {-52,93075 MeV} | (2-) | +0,449(12) | |
83Ga | 31 | 83 | 52 | Gallium-83 | 82,9471203(28) u [82,9301149 u] {-49,25712 MeV} | |||
84Ga | 31 | 84 | 53 | Gallium-84 | 83,95267(21) u [83,9356646 u] {-44,08761 MeV} | (0-) | ||
84mGa | 31 | 84 | 53 | Gallium-84m | 83,95267(21) u [83,9356646 u] {-44,08761 MeV} | (3-,4-) | ||
85Ga | 31 | 85 | 54 | Gallium-85 | 84,957330(40) u [84,9403246 u] {-39,74685 MeV} | (5/2-) | ||
86Ga | 31 | 86 | 55 | Gallium-86 | 85,96341(43) u [85,9464046 u] {-34,08337 MeV} | |||
87Ga | 31 | 87 | 56 | Gallium-87 | 86,96860(54) u [86,9515946 u] {-29,24891 MeV} |
Isotop | Zerfall (radioaktiver Zerfall) | AE | Mehr | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | Anteil | Energie | Info | ||
1 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Ga-58 | AL | |||||
Ga-59 | 43 ns | p zu 58Zn | ? | AL | ||
Ga-60 | 70(13) ms | EE/β+ zu 60Zn β+, p zu 59Cu β+, α zu 56Ni | 98,4(7) % 1,6(7) % 0,023(20) % | 14,58(29) MeV | AL | |
Ga-61 | 167(3) ms | EE/β+ zu 61Zn EE, p zu 60Cu | > 99,75 % < 0,25 % | 9,21(4) MeV | AL | |
Ga-62 | 116,121(21) ms | EE/β+ zu 62Zn ε, p zu 61Cu | 100 % ? | 9,1811(9) MeV | AL | |
Ga-63 | 32,4(5) s | EE/β+ zu 63Zn | 100 % | 5,6663(20) MeV | AL | |
Ga-64 | 2,627(12) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 64Zn | 100 % | 7,1712(16) MeV | AL | |
Ga-64m | 21,9(7) μs | 42,85(8) keV | ||||
Ga-65 | 15,2(2) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 65Zn | 100 % | 3,2545(10) MeV | AL | |
Ga-66 | 9,49(3) Stunden | EE/β+ zu 66Zn | 100 % | 5,1755(13) MeV | AL | |
Ga-67 | 3,2617(5) Tage | EE zu 67Zn | 100 % | 1,0012(14) MeV | AL | |
Ga-68 | 67,783(27) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 68Zn | 100 % | 2,9211(16) MeV | AL | |
Ga-69 | stabil | AL | ||||
Ga-70 | 21,14(3) Minuten | EE zu 70Zn β- zu 70Ge | 0,41(5) % 99,59(5) % | 0,6546(23) MeV 1,6517(15) MeV | AL | |
Ga-71 | stabil | AL | ||||
Ga-72 | 14,10(2) Stunden | β- zu 72Ge | 100 % | 3,9976(8) MeV | AL | |
Ga-72m | 39,68(13) ms | 119,66(5) keV | ||||
Ga-73 | 4,86(3) Stunden | β- zu 73Ge | 100 % | 1,5982(17) MeV | AL | |
Ga-73m | 200 ms | β- zu 73Ge Iso zu 73Ga | ? ? | 0,3 keV | ||
Ga-74 | 8,12(12) Minuten | β- zu 74Ge | 100 % | 5,373(3) MeV | AL | |
Ga-74m | 9,5(10) s | Iso zu 74Ga β- zu 74Ge | 75(25) % 25(25) % | 59,571(14) keV | AL | |
Ga-75 | 126(2) s | β- zu 75Ge | 100 % | 3,3924(24) MeV | AL | |
Ga-76 | 32,6(6) s | β- zu 76Ge | 100 % | 6,9162(20) MeV | AL | |
Ga-77 | 13,2(2) s | β- zu 77Ge | 100 % | 5,2205(25) MeV | AL | |
Ga-78 | 5,09(5) s | β- zu 78Ge | 100 % | 8,156(4) MeV | AL | |
Ga-78m | 500 ns | Iso zu 78Ga | ~100 % | 559,6(7) keV | ||
Ga-79 | 2,848(3) s | β- zu 79Ge β-, n zu 78Ge | 99,911 % 0,089(19) % | 6,98(4) MeV 1,243(4) MeV | AL | |
Ga-80 | 1,9(1) s | β- zu 80Ge β-, n zu 79Ge | 99,14 % 0,86(7) % | 10,312(4) MeV 2,23(4) MeV | AL | |
Ga-80m | 1,3(2) s | β- 80Ge β-, n 79Ge Iso zu 80Ga | 100 % ? ? | 22,4 keV | ||
Ga-81 | 1,217(5) s | β- zu 81Ge β-, n zu 80Ge | 88,1 % 11,9(7) % | 8,664(4) MeV 3,836(4) MeV | AL | |
Ga-82 | 600(2) ms | β- zu 82Ge β-, n zu 81Ge | 78,8 % 22,2(20) % | 12,484(3) MeV 5,290(3) MeV | AL | |
Ga-83 | 308,1(10) ms | β- zu 83Ge β-, n zu 82Ge | 37,2 % 62,8(25) % | 11,719(4) MeV 8,087(3) MeV | AL | |
Ga-84 | 85(10) ms | β- zu 84Ge β-, n zu 83Ge | 30 % 70(15) % | 14,06(20) MeV 8,82(20) MeV | AL | |
Ga-84m | 85(10) ms | β- zu 84Ge β-, n zu 83Ge | 100 % ? | +x keV | ||
Ga-85 | 92(4) ms | β- zu 85Ge β-, n zu 84Ge | < 65 % > 35 % | 13,380(40) MeV 10,333(37) MeV | AL | |
Ga-86 | 43 ms | β- zu 86Ge β-, n zu 85Ge β-,2 n zu 84Ge | 20 % 60 % 20 % | 15,32(59 MeV 10,97(40) MeV | AL | |
Ga-87 | 634 ns | β- zu 87Ge β-, n zu 86Ge β-, 2n zu 85Ge | 100 % ? ? | 14,83(58) MeV 12,08(66) MeV | AL |
Erläuterungen zu den einzelnen Spalten:
1 - Symbol mit Nukleonenzahl.
2 - Z = Anzahl der Protonen (Ordnungszahl).
3 - Massenzahl A.
4 - N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
5 - Bezeichnung des Gallium-Isotops; gegebenenfalls Trivialnamen.
6 - Relative Atommasse des Gallium-Isotops (Isotopenmasse inklusive Elektronen) und in eckigen Klammern die Masse des Atomkerns (Kernmasse, Nuklidmasse ohne Elektronen), jeweils bezogen auf 12C = 12,00000 [2]. Zusätzlich ist der Massenüberschuss (Massenexzess) in MeV angegeben.
7 - Kernspin I, Einheit: h/2π.
8 - Kernmagnetisches Moment μmag.
9 - Ausgangsnuklide: Mögliche, angenommene oder tatsächliche Ausgangs-Nuklide (Mutternuklide, Elternnuklide). Die entsprechenden Zerfalls-Modi sind gegebenenfalls bei den Daten des jeweiligen Ausgangsnuklids zu finden.
10 - Zerfall: Halbwertszeiten des Gallium-Isotops mit a = Jahre; ; d = Tage; h = Stunden; min = Minuten; s = Sekunden.
11 - Zerfall: Zerfallsart in die jeweiligen Tochternuklide mit n = Neutronenemission; p = Protonenemission; α = Alpha-Zerfall; ß- = Beta-Minus-Zerfall unter Elektronenemission; EE = Elektroneneinfang; ß+ = Positronenemission; ε = ß+ und/oder EE; Iso = Isomerieübergang; CZ = Cluster-Zerfall; SZ = Spontanzerfall.
12 - Zerfall: Zerfallsanteil in Prozent (%).
13 - Zerfall: Zerfallsenergie; Partikelenergie bezogen auf Zerfallsart.
14 - AE = Anregungsenergie für metastabile Kerne.
15 - Sonstige Informationen und Hinweise: AL = Weitere Niveaus, so genannte Adopted Levels (Verlinkung auf externe Daten [1]).
Sonstige:
()- Eingeklammerte Ziffern: Unsicherheit zur Darstellung der Streubreite des angegebenen Wertes.
~ - Theoretische Werte oder systematische Trends.
- ungelistet-: Nuklide, die in der Literatur bereits erwänhnt wurden, aber aus irgendwelchen Gründen in den aktuellen Nuklidtabellen nicht mehr zu finden sind, weil sich deren Entdeckung z. B. nicht bestätigt hat.
NMR-aktive Gallium-Nuklide
Nuklid Anteil Spin I | Kernmagnetisches Moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis 107 rad T-1 s-1 | Quadrupol- Moment Q [barn] | Resonanz- Frequenz v0 bei 1 T | Relative Empfindlichkeit H0 = const. v0 = const. * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
69Ga 60,108(50) % 3/2- | +2,01502(6) | 6,4389 | +0,171(2) | 10,2478 | 0,06971 1,2035 |
71Ga 39,892(50) % 3/2- | +2,56033(9) | 8,1812 | + 0,107(1) | 13,0208 | 0,14300 1,5291 |
*) bezogen auf 1H = 1,000
Strahlenschutz
Für den Umgang mit den Gallium-Radionukliden gelten gemäß Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV 2018) unter anderem folgende Werte (Spalten 1 bis 7):
Nuklid | Freigrenzen | HRQ-Schwelle | OFK | Tochternuklide | Halbwertszeit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ga-65 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 15,2 Minuten | |||
Ga-66 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 9,5 Stunden | |||
Ga-67 | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 0,5 TBq | 3,3 Tage | ||
Ga-68 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,07 TBq | 67,7 Minuten | ||
Ga-70 | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 21,1 Minuten | |||
Ga-72 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,03 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | 14,1 Stunden | |
Ga-73+ | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 4,9 Stunden |
(HRQ = Hochradioaktive Quellen; OFK = Oberflächenkontamination)
Kernisobare Nuklide des Galliums
Zu den Gallium-Nukliden isobare Atomkerne befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; Z = Ordnungszahl; A = Nukleonenzahl (Massenzahl).
Z: | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru |
59 | 59Sc | 59Ti | 59V | 59Cr | 59Mn | 59Fe | 59Co | 59Ni | 59Cu | 59Zn | 59Ga | |||||||||||||
60 | 60Sc | 60Ti | 60V | 60Cr | 60Mn | 60Fe | 60Co | 60Ni | 60Cu | 60Zn | 60Ga | 60Ge | ||||||||||||
61 | 61Sc | 61Ti | 61V | 61Cr | 61Mn | 61Fe | 61Co | 61Ni | 61Cu | 61Zn | 61Ga | 61Ge | ||||||||||||
62 | 62Ti | 62V | 62Cr | 62Mn | 62Fe | 62Co | 62Ni | 62Cu | 62Zn | 62Ga | 62Ge | 62As | ||||||||||||
63 | 63Ti | 63V | 63Cr | 63Mn | 63Fe | 63Co | 63Ni | 63Cu | 63Zn | 63Ga | 63Ge | 63As | ||||||||||||
64 | 64V | 64Cr | 64Mn | 64Fe | 64Co | 64Ni | 64Cu | 64Zn | 64Ga | 64Ge | 64As | |||||||||||||
65 | 65V | 65Cr | 65Mn | 65Fe | 65Co | 65Ni | 65Cu | 65Zn | 65Ga | 65Ge | 65As | 65Se | ||||||||||||
66 | 66V | 66Cr | 66Mn | 66Fe | 66Co | 66Ni | 66Cu | 66Zn | 66Ga | 66Ge | 66As | 66Se | 66Br | |||||||||||
67 | 67Cr | 67Mn | 67Fe | 67Co | 67Ni | 67Cu | 67Zn | 67Ga | 67Ge | 67As | 67Se | 67Br | ||||||||||||
68 | 68Cr | 68Mn | 68Fe | 68Co | 68Ni | 68Cu | 68Zn | 68Ga | 68Ge | 68As | 68Se | 68Br | ||||||||||||
69 | 69Mn | 69Fe | 69Co | 69Ni | 69Cu | 69Zn | 69Ga | 69Ge | 69As | 69Se | 69Br | 69Kr | ||||||||||||
70 | 70Fe | 70Co | 70Ni | 70Cu | 70Zn | 70Ga | 70Ge | 70As | 70Se | 70Br | 70Kr | |||||||||||||
71 | 71Fe | 71Co | 71Ni | 71Cu | 71Zn | 71Ga | 71Ge | 71As | 71Se | 71Br | 71Kr | 71Rb | ||||||||||||
72 | 72Fe | 72Co | 72Ni | 72Cu | 72Zn | 72Ga | 72Ge | 72As | 72Se | 72Br | 72Kr | 72Rb | ||||||||||||
73 | 73Co | 73Ni | 73Cu | 73Zn | 73Ga | 73Ge | 73As | 73Se | 73Br | 73Kr | 73Rb | 73Sr | ||||||||||||
74 | 74Co | 74Ni | 74Cu | 74Zn | 74Ga | 74Ge | 74As | 74Se | 74Br | 74Kr | 74Rb | 74Sr | ||||||||||||
75 | 75Co | 75Ni | 75Cu | 75Zn | 75Ga | 75Ge | 75As | 75Se | 75Br | 75Kr | 75Rb | 75Sr | ||||||||||||
76 | 76Co | 76Ni | 76Cu | 76Zn | 76Ga | 76Ge | 76As | 76Se | 76Br | 76Kr | 76Rb | 76Sr | 76Y | |||||||||||
77 | 77Ni | 77Cu | 77Zn | 77Ga | 77Ge | 77As | 77Se | 77Br | 77Kr | 77Rb | 77Sr | 77Y | ||||||||||||
78 | 78Ni | 78Cu | 78Zn | 78Ga | 78Ge | 78As | 78Se | 78Br | 78Kr | 78Rb | 78Sr | 78Y | 78Zr | |||||||||||
79 | 79Cu | 79Zn | 79Ga | 79Ge | 79As | 79Se | 79Br | 79Kr | 79Rb | 79Sr | 79Y | 79Zr | ||||||||||||
80 | 80Cu | 80Zn | 80Ga | 80Ge | 80As | 80Se | 80Br | 80Kr | 80Rb | 80Sr | 80Y | 80Zr | ||||||||||||
81 | 81Cu | 81Zn | 81Ga | 81Ge | 81As | 81Se | 81Br | 81Kr | 81Rb | 81Sr | 81Y | 81Zr | 81Nb | |||||||||||
82 | 82Cu | 82Zn | 82Ga | 82Ge | 82As | 82Se | 82Br | 82Kr | 82Rb | 82Sr | 82Y | 82Zr | 82Nb | |||||||||||
83 | 83Zn | 83Ga | 83Ge | 83As | 83Se | 83Br | 83Kr | 83Rb | 83Sr | 83Y | 83Zr | 83Nb | 83Mo | |||||||||||
84 | 84Zn | 84Ga | 84Ge | 84As | 84Se | 84Br | 84Kr | 84Rb | 84Sr | 84Y | 84Zr | 84Nb | 84Mo | |||||||||||
85 | 85Ga | 85Ge | 85As | 85Se | 85Br | 85Kr | 85Rb | 85Sr | 85Y | 85Zr | 85Nb | 85Mo | 85Tc | |||||||||||
86 | 86Ga | 86Ge | 86As | 86Se | 86Br | 86Kr | 86Rb | 86Sr | 86Y | 86Zr | 86Nb | 86Mo | 86Tc | |||||||||||
87 | 87Ga | 87Ge | 87As | 87Se | 87Br | 87Kr | 87Rb | 87Sr | 87Y | 87Zr | 87Nb | 87Mo | 87Tc | 87Ru |
Kernisotone Nuklide des Galliums
Die zu den Gallium-Kernen isotonen Nuklide befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39Na | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40Mg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41Al | 42Al | 43Al | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42Si | 43Si | 44Si | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43P | 44P | 45P | 46P | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
44S | 45S | 46S | 47S | 48S | 49S | |||||||||||||||||||||||
45Cl | 46Cl | 47Cl | 48Cl | 49Cl | 50Cl | 51Cl | ||||||||||||||||||||||
46Ar | 47Ar | 48Ar | 49Ar | 50Ar | 51Ar | 52Ar | 53Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||
47K | 48K | 49K | 50K | 51K | 52K | 53K | 54K | 55K | 56K | |||||||||||||||||||
48Ca | 49Ca | 50Ca | 51Ca | 52Ca | 53Ca | 54Ca | 55Ca | 56Ca | 57Ca | 58Ca | ||||||||||||||||||
49Sc | 50Sc | 51Sc | 52Sc | 53Sc | 54Sc | 55Sc | 56Sc | 57Sc | 58Sc | 59Sc | 60Sc | 61Sc | ||||||||||||||||
50Ti | 51Ti | 52Ti | 53Ti | 54Ti | 55Ti | 56Ti | 57Ti | 58Ti | 59Ti | 60Ti | 61Ti | 62Ti | 63Ti | |||||||||||||||
51V | 52V | 53V | 54V | 55V | 56V | 57V | 58V | 59V | 60V | 61V | 62V | 63V | 64V | 65V | 66V | |||||||||||||
52Cr | 53Cr | 54Cr | 55Cr | 56Cr | 57Cr | 58Cr | 59Cr | 60Cr | 61Cr | 62Cr | 63Cr | 64Cr | 65Cr | 66Cr | 67Cr | 68Cr | ||||||||||||
53Mn | 54Mn | 55Mn | 56Mn | 57Mn | 58Mn | 59Mn | 60Mn | 61Mn | 62Mn | 63Mn | 64Mn | 65Mn | 66Mn | 67Mn | 68Mn | 69Mn | ||||||||||||
54Fe | 55Fe | 56Fe | 57Fe | 58Fe | 59Fe | 60Fe | 61Fe | 62Fe | 63Fe | 64Fe | 65Fe | 66Fe | 67Fe | 68Fe | 69Fe | 70Fe | 71Fe | 72Fe | ||||||||||
55Co | 56Co | 57Co | 58Co | 59Co | 60Co | 61Co | 62Co | 63Co | 64Co | 65Co | 66Co | 67Co | 68Co | 69Co | 70Co | 71Co | 72Co | 73Co | 74Co | 75Co | 76Co | |||||||
56Ni | 57Ni | 58Ni | 59Ni | 60Ni | 61Ni | 62Ni | 63Ni | 64Ni | 65Ni | 66Ni | 67Ni | 68Ni | 69Ni | 70Ni | 71Ni | 72Ni | 73Ni | 74Ni | 75Ni | 76Ni | 77Ni | 78Ni | ||||||
57Cu | 58Cu | 59Cu | 60Cu | 61Cu | 62Cu | 63Cu | 64Cu | 65Cu | 66Cu | 67Cu | 68Cu | 69Cu | 70Cu | 71Cu | 72Cu | 73Cu | 74Cu | 75Cu | 76Cu | 77Cu | 78Cu | 79Cu | 80Cu | 81Cu | 82Cu | |||
58Zn | 59Zn | 60Zn | 61Zn | 62Zn | 63Zn | 64Zn | 65Zn | 66Zn | 67Zn | 68Zn | 69Zn | 70Zn | 71Zn | 72Zn | 73Zn | 74Zn | 75Zn | 76Zn | 77Zn | 78Zn | 79Zn | 80Zn | 81Zn | 82Zn | 83Zn | 84Zn | ||
59Ga | 60Ga | 61Ga | 62Ga | 63Ga | 64Ga | 65Ga | 66Ga | 67Ga | 68Ga | 69Ga | 70Ga | 71Ga | 72Ga | 73Ga | 74Ga | 75Ga | 76Ga | 77Ga | 78Ga | 79Ga | 80Ga | 81Ga | 82Ga | 83Ga | 84Ga | 85Ga | 86Ga | 87Ga |
60Ge | 61Ge | 62Ge | 63Ge | 64Ge | 65Ge | 66Ge | 67Ge | 68Ge | 69Ge | 70Ge | 71Ge | 72Ge | 73Ge | 74Ge | 75Ge | 76Ge | 77Ge | 78Ge | 79Ge | 80Ge | 81Ge | 82Ge | 83Ge | 84Ge | 85Ge | 86Ge | 87Ge | 88Ge |
62As | 63As | 64As | 65As | 66As | 67As | 68As | 69As | 70As | 71As | 72As | 73As | 74As | 75As | 76As | 77As | 78As | 79As | 80As | 81As | 82As | 83As | 84As | 85As | 86As | 87As | 88As | 89As | |
65Se | 66Se | 67Se | 68Se | 69Se | 70Se | 71Se | 72Se | 73Se | 74Se | 75Se | 76Se | 77Se | 78Se | 79Se | 80Se | 81Se | 82Se | 83Se | 84Se | 85Se | 86Se | 87Se | 88Se | 89Se | 90Se | |||
66Br | 67Br | 68Br | 69Br | 70Br | 71Br | 72Br | 73Br | 74Br | 75Br | 76Br | 77Br | 78Br | 79Br | 80Br | 81Br | 82Br | 83Br | 84Br | 85Br | 86Br | 87Br | 88Br | 89Br | 90Br | 91Br | |||
69Kr | 70Kr | 71Kr | 72Kr | 73Kr | 74Kr | 75Kr | 76Kr | 77Kr | 78Kr | 79Kr | 80Kr | 81Kr | 82Kr | 83Kr | 84Kr | 85Kr | 86Kr | 87Kr | 88Kr | 89Kr | 90Kr | 91Kr | 92Kr | |||||
71Rb | 72Rb | 73Rb | 74Rb | 75Rb | 76Rb | 77Rb | 78Rb | 79Rb | 80Rb | 81Rb | 82Rb | 83Rb | 84Rb | 85Rb | 86Rb | 87Rb | 88Rb | 89Rb | 90Rb | 91Rb | 92Rb | 93Rb | ||||||
73Sr | 74Sr | 75Sr | 76Sr | 77Sr | 78Sr | 79Sr | 80Sr | 81Sr | 82Sr | 83Sr | 84Sr | 85Sr | 86Sr | 87Sr | 88Sr | 89Sr | 90Sr | 91Sr | 92Sr | 93Sr | 94Sr | |||||||
76Y | 77Y | 78Y | 79Y | 80Y | 81Y | 82Y | 83Y | 84Y | 85Y | 86Y | 87Y | 88Y | 89Y | 90Y | 91Y | 92Y | 93Y | 94Y | 95Y | |||||||||
78Zr | 79Zr | 80Zr | 81Zr | 82Zr | 83Zr | 84Zr | 85Zr | 86Zr | 87Zr | 88Zr | 89Zr | 90Zr | 91Zr | 92Zr | 93Zr | 94Zr | 95Zr | 96Zr | ||||||||||
81Nb | 82Nb | 83Nb | 84Nb | 85Nb | 86Nb | 87Nb | 88Nb | 89Nb | 90Nb | 91Nb | 92Nb | 93Nb | 94Nb | 95Nb | 96Nb | 97Nb | ||||||||||||
83Mo | 84Mo | 85Mo | 86Mo | 87Mo | 88Mo | 89Mo | 90Mo | 91Mo | 92Mo | 93Mo | 94Mo | 95Mo | 96Mo | 97Mo | 98Mo | |||||||||||||
85Tc | 86Tc | 87Tc | 88Tc | 89Tc | 90Tc | 91Tc | 92Tc | 93Tc | 94Tc | 95Tc | 96Tc | 97Tc | 98Tc | 99Tc | ||||||||||||||
87Ru | 88Ru | 89Ru | 90Ru | 91Ru | 92Ru | 93Ru | 94Ru | 95Ru | 96Ru | 97Ru | 98Ru | 99Ru | 100Ru | |||||||||||||||
89Rh | 90Rh | 91Rh | 92Rh | 93Rh | 94Rh | 95Rh | 96Rh | 97Rh | 98Rh | 99Rh | 100Rh | 101Rh | ||||||||||||||||
91Pd | 92Pd | 93Pd | 94Pd | 95Pd | 96Pd | 97Pd | 98Pd | 99Pd | 100Pd | 101Pd | 102Pd | |||||||||||||||||
93Ag | 94Ag | 95Ag | 96Ag | 97Ag | 98Ag | 99Ag | 100Ag | 101Ag | 102Ag | 103Ag | ||||||||||||||||||
95Cd | 96Cd | 97Cd | 98Cd | 99Cd | 100Cd | 101Cd | 102Cd | 103Cd | 104Cd | |||||||||||||||||||
97In | 98In | 99In | 100In | 101In | 102In | 103In | 104In | 105In | ||||||||||||||||||||
99Sn | 100Sn | 101Sn | 102Sn | 103Sn | 104Sn | 105Sn | 106Sn | |||||||||||||||||||||
103Sb | 104Sb | 105Sb | 106Sb | 107Sb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
105Te | 106Te | 107Te | 108Te | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
108I | 109I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
109Xe | 110Xe |
Literatur und Hinweise
Eigenschaften der Gallium-Isotope
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Gallium: Kernmagnetische Eigenschaften - 69Ga-NMR, 71Ga-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
Weitere Quellen:
[8] - Isotopenhäufigkeiten, Atommassen und Isotopenmassen: Siehe unter dem jeweiligen Stichwort.
[9] - Johannes Notni:
Mit Gallium-68 in ein neues Zeitalter?.
In: Nachrichten aus der Chemie, (2012), DOI 10.1002/nadc.201290233.
[10] - J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of gallium, germanium, lutetium, and hafnium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.004.
Kategorie: Chemische Elemente
Letzte Änderung am 12.12.2022.
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