Unter Bismut-Isotope werden alle Atomkerne des chemischen Elements Bismut zusammengefasst; diese bestehen allesamt aus einem Atomkern mit 83 Protonen und im ungeladenen Zustand aus 83 Elektronen. Der Unterschied zwischen den einzelnen Bismut-Isotopen beruht auf der Anzahl der Neutronen im Kern.
Bismut besitzt keine stabilen Isotope. Das zu quasi 100 % natürlich auftretende Bismutisotop 209 ist leicht radioaktiv und zerfällt unter Emmission von alpha-Teilchen mit einer Halbwertszeit von 19 Trillionen Jahren und einer Aktivität von 0,0033 Bq/kg zu Thallium-205.
Neben dem Nuklid 209 treten in der Natur eine Reihe weiterer Bismutisotope auf, jedoch in nur gerigen Spuren: Bi-210, 211, 212, 214 und 215. Andere Isotope weisen hohe Halbwertszeiten auf, ohne dass sie in der Natur aufzufinden sind: Bi-210m (3 Millionen Jahre), Bi-208 (368000 Jahre), Bi-207 (33 Jahre).
Isotopentabelle: Bismut
Isotop Nuklid | Z | A | N | Name | Atommasse [Kernmasse] {Massenüberschuss} | Spin I (h/2π) | μ | A-Nuk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
184Bi | 83 | 184 | 101 | Bismut-184 | 184,00114(8) u [183,9556131 u] {1,0619 MeV} | |||
185Bi | 83 | 185 | 102 | Bismut-185 | 184,99760(9) u [184,9520731 u] {-2,23559 MeV} | 1/2+ | ||
186Bi | 83 | 186 | 103 | Bismut-186 | 185,996622(18) u [185,9510951 u] {-3,14659 MeV} | (3+) | ||
186mBi | 83 | 186 | 103 | Bismut-186m | 185,996622(18) u [185,9510951 u] {-3,14659 MeV} | (10-) | ||
187Bi | 83 | 187 | 104 | Bismut-187 | 186,993147(11) u [186,9476201 u] {-6,38353 MeV} | (9/2-) | ||
187m1Bi | 83 | 187 | 104 | Bismut-187m1 | 186,993147(11) u [186,9476201 u] {-6,38353 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
187m2Bi | 83 | 187 | 104 | Bismut-187m2 | 186,993147(11) u [186,9476201 u] {-6,38353 MeV} | (13/2+) | ||
188Bi | 83 | 188 | 105 | Bismut-188 | 187,992276(12) u [187,9467491 u] {-7,19486 MeV} | (3+) | ||
189Bi | 83 | 189 | 106 | Bismut-189 | 188,989195(22) u [188,9436681 u] {-10,06479 MeV} | (9/2-) | 193At | |
189m1Bi | 83 | 189 | 106 | Bismut-189m1 | 188,989195(22) u [188,9436681 u] {-10,06479 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
189m2Bi | 83 | 189 | 106 | Bismut-189m2 | 188,989195(22) u [188,9436681 u] {-10,06479 MeV} | (13/2+) | ||
190Bi | 83 | 190 | 107 | Bismut-190 | 189,988621(24) u [189,9430941 u] {-10,59947 MeV} | (3+) | 194At | |
191Bi | 83 | 191 | 108 | Bismut-191 | 190,985787(8) u [190,9402601 u] {-13,23932 MeV} | (9/2-) | 195At | |
191m1Bi | 83 | 191 | 108 | Bismut-191m1 | 190,985787(8) u [190,9402601 u] {-13,23932 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
191m2Bi | 83 | 191 | 108 | Bismut-191m2 | 190,985787(8) u [190,9402601 u] {-13,23932 MeV} | (13/2+) | ||
192Bi | 83 | 192 | 109 | Bismut-192 | 191,98547(3) u [191,9399431 u] {-13,53461 MeV} | (3+) | 196At | |
192mBi | 83 | 192 | 109 | Bismut-192m | 191,98547(3) u [191,9399431 u] {-13,53461 MeV} | (10-) | ||
193Bi | 83 | 193 | 110 | Bismut-193 | 192,982947(8) u [192,9374201 u] {-15,88477 MeV} | (9/2-) | 3,734(95) | 197At |
193mBi | 83 | 193 | 110 | Bismut-193m | 192,982947(8) u [192,9374201 u] {-15,88477 MeV} | (1/2+) | 1,500(33) | |
193m2Bi | 83 | 193 | 110 | Bismut-193m2 | 192,982947(8) u [192,9374201 u] {-15,88477 MeV} | 13/2+ | ||
193m3Bi | 83 | 193 | 110 | Bismut-193m3 | 192,982947(8) u [192,9374201 u] {-15,88477 MeV} | 29/2+ | ||
194Bi | 83 | 194 | 111 | Bismut-194 | 193,982792(7) u [193,9372651 u] {-16,02915 MeV} | (3+) | 198At | |
194m1Bi | 83 | 194 | 111 | Bismut-194m1 | 193,982792(7) u [193,9372651 u] {-16,02915 MeV} | (10-) | ||
194m2Bi | 83 | 194 | 111 | Bismut-194m2 | 193,982792(7) u [193,9372651 u] {-16,02915 MeV} | (6+,7+) | ||
195Bi | 83 | 195 | 112 | Bismut-195 | 194,980649(6) u [194,9351221 u] {-18,02534 MeV} | (9/2-) | 199At | |
195mBi | 83 | 195 | 112 | Bismut-195m | 194,980649(6) u [194,9351221 u] {-18,02534 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
196Bi | 83 | 196 | 113 | Bismut-196 | 195,980667(26) u [195,9351401 u] {-18,00857 MeV} | (3+) | 200At | |
196m1Bi | 83 | 196 | 113 | Bismut-196m1 | 195,980667(26) u [195,9351401 u] {-18,00857 MeV} | (7+) | ||
196m2Bi | 83 | 196 | 113 | Bismut-196m2 | 195,980667(26) u [195,9351401 u] {-18,00857 MeV} | (10-) | ||
197Bi | 83 | 197 | 114 | Bismut-197 | 196,978865(9) u [196,9333381 u] {-19,68713 MeV} | (9/2-) | 201At 197Po | |
197mBi | 83 | 197 | 114 | Bismut-197m | 196,978865(9) u [196,9333381 u] {-19,68713 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
198Bi | 83 | 198 | 115 | Bismut-198 | 197,97921(3) u [197,9336831 u] {-19,36576 MeV} | (2+,3+) | 202At | |
198m1Bi | 83 | 198 | 115 | Bismut-198m1 | 197,97921(3) u [197,9336831 u] {-19,36576 MeV} | 7+ | ||
198m2Bi | 83 | 198 | 115 | Bismut-198m2 | 197,97921(3) u [197,9336831 u] {-19,36576 MeV} | 10- | ||
199Bi | 83 | 199 | 116 | Bismut-199 | 198,977673(11) u [198,9321461 u] {-20,79747 MeV} | 9/2- | 4,6(4) | 203At 199Po |
199mBi | 83 | 199 | 116 | Bismut-199m | 198,977673(11) u [198,9321461 u] {-20,79747 MeV} | (1/2+) | ||
200Bi | 83 | 200 | 117 | Bismut-200 | 199,978131(24) u [199,9326041 u] {-20,37084 MeV} | 7+ | 204At 200Po | |
200m1Bi | 83 | 200 | 117 | Bismut-200m1 | 199,978131(24) u [199,9326041 u] {-20,37084 MeV} | (2+) | ||
200m2Bi | 83 | 200 | 117 | Bismut-200m2 | 199,978131(24) u [199,9326041 u] {-20,37084 MeV} | (10-) | ||
201Bi | 83 | 201 | 118 | Bismut-201 | 200,977009(16) u [200,9314821 u] {-21,41598 MeV} | 9/2- | 4,8(3) | 205At 201Po |
201mBi | 83 | 201 | 118 | Bismut-201m | 200,977009(16) u [200,9314821 u] {-21,41598 MeV} | 1/2+ | ||
202Bi | 83 | 202 | 119 | Bismut-202 | 201,977733(17) u [201,9322061 u] {-20,74158 MeV} | 5+ | + 4,259(14) | 206At 202Po |
203Bi | 83 | 203 | 120 | Bismut-203 | 202,976892(14) u [202,9313651 u] {-21,52496 MeV} | 9/2- | - 0,67(7) | 207At 203Po |
203mBi | 83 | 203 | 120 | Bismut-203m | 202,976892(14) u [202,9313651 u] {-21,52496 MeV} | 1/2+ | ||
204Bi | 83 | 204 | 121 | Bismut-204 | 203,977836(10) u [203,9323091 u] {-20,64563 MeV} | 6+ | + 4,322(15) | 208At 204Po |
204m1Bi | 83 | 204 | 121 | Bismut-204m1 | 203,977836(10) u [203,9323091 u] {-20,64563 MeV} | 10- | 2,36(23) | |
204m2Bi | 83 | 204 | 121 | Bismut-204m2 | 203,977836(10) u [203,9323091 u] {-20,64563 MeV} | 17+ | ||
205Bi | 83 | 205 | 122 | Bismut-205 | 204,977385(5) u [204,9318581 u] {-21,06574 MeV} | 9/2- | 209At 205Po | |
206Bi | 83 | 206 | 123 | Bismut-206 | 205,978499(8) u [205,9329721 u] {-20,02805 MeV} | 6+ | + 4,361(8) | 210At 206Po |
206mBi | 83 | 206 | 123 | Bismut-206m | 205,978499(8) u [205,9329721 u] {-20,02805 MeV} | 10- | 2,644(14) | |
207Bi | 83 | 207 | 124 | Bismut-207 | 206,9784705(26) u [206,9329436 u] {-20,0546 MeV} | 9/2- | 211At 207Po | |
207mBi | 83 | 207 | 124 | Bismut-207m | 206,9784705(26) u [206,9329436 u] {-20,0546 MeV} | 21/2+ | ||
208Bi | 83 | 208 | 125 | Bismut-208 | 207,9797420(25) u [207,9342151 u] {-18,87021 MeV} | 5+ | + 4,578(13) | 212At 208Po |
208mBi | 83 | 208 | 125 | Bismut-208m | 207,9797420(25) u [207,9342151 u] {-18,87021 MeV} | 10- | 2,672(14) | |
209Bi | 83 | 209 | 126 | Bismut-209 | 208,9803985(15) u [208,9348716 u] {-18,25868 MeV} | 9/2- | + 4,1106(2) | 213At 209Po 209Pb |
210Bi | 83 | 210 | 127 | Bismut-210 | 209,9841202(15) u [209,9385933 u] {-14,79194 MeV} | 1- | - 0,04451(6) | 214At 210Pb |
210mBi | 83 | 210 | 127 | Bismut-210m | 209,9841202(15) u [209,9385933 u] {-14,79194 MeV} | 9- | 2,728(42) | |
211Bi | 83 | 211 | 128 | Bismut-211 | 210,987269(6) u [210,9417421 u] {-11,85885 MeV} | 9/2- | +3,79(7) | 215At 211Pb |
211mBi | 83 | 211 | 128 | Bismut-211m | 210,987269(6) u [210,9417421 u] {-11,85885 MeV} | (25/2-) | ||
212Bi | 83 | 212 | 129 | Bismut-212 | 211,991285(2) u [211,9457581 u] {-8,11797 MeV} | 1(-) | 0,41(5) | 216At 212Pb |
212m1Bi | 83 | 212 | 129 | Bismut-212m1 | 211,991285(2) u [211,9457581 u] {-8,11797 MeV} | (8-,9-) | ||
212m2Bi | 83 | 212 | 129 | Bismut-212m2 | 211,991285(2) u [211,9457581 u] {-8,11797 MeV} | |||
213Bi | 83 | 213 | 130 | Bismut-213 | 212,994384(5) u [212,9488571 u] {-5,23127 MeV} | 9/2- | + 3,717(13) | 217At |
214Bi | 83 | 214 | 131 | Bismut-214 | 213,998711(12) u [213,9531841 u] {-1,2007 MeV} | 1- | 218At 214Pb | |
215Bi | 83 | 215 | 132 | Bismut-215 | 215,001749(6) u [214,9562221 u] {1,62918 MeV} | (9/2-) | 219At | |
215mBi | 83 | 215 | 132 | Bismut-215m | 215,001749(6) u [214,9562221 u] {1,62918 MeV} | (25/2-) | ||
216Bi | 83 | 216 | 133 | Bismut-216 | 216,006306(12) u [215,9607791 u] {5,874 MeV} | (6-,7-) | 220At | |
217Bi | 83 | 217 | 134 | Bismut-217 | 217,009372(19) u [216,9638451 u] {8,72996 MeV} | (9/2-) | ||
217mBi | 83 | 217 | 134 | Bismut-217m | 217,009372(19) u [216,9638451 u] {8,72996 MeV} | (25/2-) | ||
218Bi | 83 | 218 | 135 | Bismut-218 | 218,014188(29) u [217,9686611 u] {13,21604 MeV} | |||
219Bi | 83 | 219 | 136 | Bismut-219 | 219,01748(21) u [218,9719531 u] {16,28252 MeV} | |||
220Bi | 83 | 220 | 137 | Bismut-220 | 220,02235(32) u [219,9768231 u] {20,81889 MeV} | |||
221Bi | 83 | 221 | 138 | Bismut-221 | 221,02587(32) u [220,9803431 u] {24,09775 MeV} | |||
222Bi | 83 | 222 | 139 | Bismut-222 | 222,03084(32) u [221,9853131 u] {28,72727 MeV} | |||
223Bi | 83 | 223 | 140 | Bismut-223 | 223,03450(43) u [222,9889731 u] {32,13654 MeV} | |||
224Bi | 83 | 224 | 141 | Bismut-224 | 224,03954(43) u [223,9940131 u] {36,83127 MeV} |
Isotop | Zerfall (radioaktiver Zerfall) | AE | Mehr | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | Anteil | Energie | Info | ||
1 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Bi-184 | 13(2) ms | α zu 180Tl | 100 % | 8,02(5) MeV | AL | |
Bi-185 | 58(4) μs | α zu 181Tl p zu 184Pb | 10(2) % 90(2) % | 8,14(8) MeV | AL | |
Bi-186 | 15,0(17) ms | α zu 182Tl | 100 % | 7,757(12) MeV | AL | |
Bi-186m | 9,8(13) ms | α zu 182Tl | 100 % | +x keV | AL | |
Bi-187 | 37(2) ms | α zu 183Tl | 100 % | 7,779(4) MeV | AL | |
Bi-187m1 | 0,370(20) ms | α zu 183Tl | 100 % | 112(20) keV | AL | |
Bi-187m2 | 3,2 μs | 252 keV | ||||
Bi-188 | 60(3) ms | α zu 184Tl | ~100 % | 7,264(5) MeV | AL | |
Bi-189 | 688(5) ms | α zu 185Tl | ~100 % | 7,2682(27) MeV | AL | |
Bi-189m1 | 5,0(1) ms | α zu 185Tl Iso zu 189Bi | 83(5) % 17(5) % | 184(8) keV | AL | |
Bi-189m2 | 0,88(5) ms | Iso zu 189Bi | 100 % | 357,6(5) keV | AL | |
Bi-190 | 6,3(1) s | α zu 186Tl EE/β+ zu 190Pb | ca. 90 % ca. 10 % | 6,862(3) MeV 9,817(26) MeV | +x, +y keV | AL |
Bi-191 | 12,4(3) s | α zu 187Tl EE/β+ zu 191Pb | 51(10) % 49(10) % | 6,78(3) MeV 6,99(4) MeV | AL | |
Bi-191m1 | 125(13) ms | α zu 187Tl EE/β+ zu 191Pb Iso zu 191Bi | 68(5) % ? 32(5) % | 240(4) keV | AL | |
Bi-191m2 | 562(10) ns | Iso zu 1191Bi | 100 % | 429,7(4) keV | ||
Bi-192 | 34,6(9) s | α zu 188Tl EE/β+ zu 192Pb | 12(5) % 88(5) % | 6,377(4) MeV 9,02(3) MeV | AL | |
Bi-192m | 39,6(4) s | α zu 188Tl EE/β+ zu 192Pb | 10(3) % 90(3) % | 147(34) keV | AL | |
Bi-193 | 63,6(30) s | α zu 189Tl EE/β+ zu 193Pb | 3,5(15) % 96,5(15) % | 6,307(5) MeV 6,31(5) MeV | AL | |
Bi-193m | 3,12(26) s | α zu 189Tl EE/β+ zu 193Pb | 84(16) % 16(16) % | 305(6) keV | AL | |
Bi-193m2 | 153(10) ns | Iso zu 193Bi | 100 % | 605,53(18) keV | ||
Bi-193m3 | 85(3) μs | Iso zu 193Bi | 100 % | 2349,6(6) keV | ||
Bi-194 | 95(3) s | α zu 190Tl EE/β+ zu 194Pb | 0,46(25) % 99,54(25) % | 5,918(5) MeV 8,179(18) MeV | AL | |
Bi-194m1 | 115(4) s | α zu 190Tl EE/β+ zu 194Pb | 0,20(7) % 99,80(7) % | +x keV | AL | |
Bi-194m2 | 125(2) s | EE/β+ zu 194Pb | 100 % | +y keV | AL | |
Bi-195 | 183(4) s | α zu 191Tl EE/β+ zu 195Pb | 0,03(2) % 99,97(2) % | 5,832(5) MeV 5,682(19) MeV | AL | |
Bi-195m | 87(1) s | α zu 191Tl EE/β+ zu 195Pb | 33(17) % 67(17) % | 401(7) keV | AL | |
Bi-196 | 308(12) s | α zu 192Tl EE/β+ zu 196Pb | 0,00115(34) % > 99,99 % | 5,438 MeV 7,339(26) MeV | AL | |
Bi-196m1 | 0,6(5) s | Iso zu 196Bi EE/β+ zu 196Pb | ? ? | 169(4) keV | AL | |
Bi-196m2 | 240(3) s | Iso zu 196Bi EE/β+ zu 196Pb α zu 192Tl | 25,8(25) % 74,2(25) % 0,00038(10) % | 271(5) keV | AL | |
Bi-197 | 9,33(50) Minuten | α zu 193Tl EE/β+ zu 197Pb | Spuren > 99,999 % | 5,365(11) MeV 5,058(10) MeV | AL | |
Bi-197m | 5,04(16) Minuten | α zu 193Tl EE/β+ zu 197Pb Iso zu 197Bi | 55(40) % 45(40) % < 0,3 % | 500 keV | AL | |
Bi-198 | 10,3(3) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 198Pb | 100 % | 6,698(29) MeV | AL | |
Bi-198m1 | 11,6(3) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 198Pb | 100 % | +x keV | AL | |
Bi-198m2 | 7,7(5) s | Iso zu 198Bi | 100 % | 248,5(5)+x keV | AL | |
Bi-199 | 27(1) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 199Pb | 100 % | 4,434(15) MeV | AL | |
Bi-199m | 24,70(15) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 199Pb α zu 195Tl Iso zu 199Bi | 99(1) % ca. 0,01 % ≤ 2 % | 667(4) keV | AL | |
Bi-200 | 36,4(5) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 200Pb | 100 % | 5,880(25) MeV | AL | |
Bi-200m1 | 31(2) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 200Pb | ≤ 100 % | +x keV | AL | |
Bi-200m2 | 0,40(5) s | Iso zu 200Bi | 100 % | 428,20(10) keV | AL | |
Bi-201 | 103(3) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 201Pb | 100 % | 3,855(20) MeV | AL | |
Bi-201m | 57,5(21) Minuten | EE/β+ zu 201Pb α zu 197Tl Iso zu 201Bi | ≥ 91,1 % ca. 0,3 % ≤ 8,6 % | 846,35(18) keV | AL | |
Bi-202 | 1,71(4) Stunden | EE/β+ zu 202Pb | 100 % | 5,199(16) MeV | AL | |
Bi-203 | 11,76(5) Stunden | EE/β+ zu 203Pb | 100 % | 3,262(14) MeV | AL | |
Bi-203m | 305(5) ms | Iso zu 203Bi | 100 % | 1098,12(12) keV | AL | |
Bi-204 | 11,22(10) Stunden | EE/β+ zu 204Pb | 100 % | 4,464(9) MeV | AL | |
Bi-204m1 | 13,0(1) ms | Iso zu 204Bi | 100 % | 805,5(3) keV | AL | |
Bi-204m2 | 1,07(3) ms | Iso zu 204Bi | 100 % | 2833,4(11) keV | AL | |
Bi-205 | 14,91(7) Tage | EE/β+ zu 205Pb | 100 % | 2,705(5) MeV | AL | |
Bi-206 | 6,243(3) Tage | EE/β+ zu 206Pb | 100 % | 3,757(8) MeV | AL | |
Bi-206m | 0,89(1) ms | Iso zu 206Bi | 100 % | 1044,8(7) keV | AL | |
Bi-207 | 31,55(4) Jahre | EE/β+ zu 207Pb | 100 % | 2,3974(26) MeV | AL | |
Bi-207m | 182(6) μs | Iso zu 207Bi | 100 % | 2101,61(16) keV | ||
Bi-208 | 3,68(4) × 105 Jahre | EE/β+ zu 208Pb | 100 % | 2,8784(26) MeV | AL | |
Bi-208m | 2,58(4) ms | Iso zu 208Bi | 100 % | 1571,1(4) keV | AL | |
Bi-209 | 2,01(8) × 1019 a | α zu 205Tl | 100 % | 3,1373(8) MeV | AL | |
Bi-210 | 5,012(5) Tage | β- zu 210Po α zu 206Tl | 100 % Spuren | 1,1612(8) MeV 5,0365(8) MeV | AL | |
Bi-210m | 3,04(6) × 106 Jahre | α zu 210Tl | 100 % | 271,31(11) keV | AL | |
Bi-211 | 2,14(2) Minuten | β- zu 211Po α zu 207Tl | 0,276(4) % 99,724(4) % | 0,573(5) MeV 6,7504(5) MeV | AL | |
Bi-211m | 1,4(3) μs | Iso zu 211Bi | 100 % | 1257(10) keV | ||
Bi-212 | 60,55(6) Minuten | β- zu 212Po α zu 208Tl | 64,06(6) % 35,94(6) % | 2,2515(17) MeV 6,20726(3) MeV | AL | |
Bi-212m1 | 25,0(2) Minuten | β- zu 212Po α zu 208Tl β-, α zu 208Pb | 33(1) % 67(1) % 30(1) % | 250 keV | AL | |
Bi-212m2 | 7,0(3) Minuten | β- zu 212Po | ca. 100 % | 1910 keV | AL | |
Bi-213 | 45,59(6) Minuten | β- zu 213Po α zu 209Tl | 97,80(10) % 2,20(10) % | 1,422(5) MeV 5,988(3) MeV | AL | |
Bi-214 | 19,9(4) Minuten | β- zu 214Po α zu 210Tl β-, α zu 210Pb | 99,979(1) % 0,021(1) % 0,003 % | 3,269(11) MeV 5,621(3) MeV | AL | |
Bi-215 | 7,6(2) Minuten | β- zu 215Po | 100 % | 2,171(6) MeV | AL | |
Bi-215m | 36,9(6) s | β- zu 215Po Iso zu 215Bi | 23,1(5) % 76,9(5) % | 1347+x keV | AL | |
Bi-216 | 2,25(5) Minuten | β- zu 216Po | ≤ 100 % | 4,092(11) MeV | AL | |
Bi-217 | 98,5(13) s | β- zu 217Po | 100 % | 2,846(19) MeV | AL | |
Bi-217m | 3,0(2) μs | Iso zu 217Bi | 100 % | 1436+x keV | ||
Bi-218 | 33(1) s | β- zu 218Po | 100 % | 4,859(27) MeV | AL | |
Bi-219 | 22(7) s | β- zu 219Po | ? | 3,60(20) MeV | AL | |
Bi-220 | 300 ns | β- zu 220Po | ? | 5,55(30) MeV | AL | |
Bi-221 | > 300 ns | β- zu 221Po β-, n zu 220Po | ? ? | 4,32(30) MeV 0,76(30) MeV | AL | |
Bi-222 | 300 ns | β- zu 222Po β-, n zu 221Po | ? ? | 6,24(30) MeV 0,88(30) MeV | ||
Bi-223 | 300 ns | β- zu 223Po β-, n zu 222Po | ? ? | 5,06(45) MeV 1,58(49) MeV | ||
Bi-224 | 300 ns | β- zu 224Po β-, n zu 223Po | ? ? | 6,92(44) MeV 1,68(44) MeV |
Erläuterungen zu den einzelnen Spalten:
1 - Symbol mit Nukleonenzahl.
2 - Z = Anzahl der Protonen (Ordnungszahl).
3 - Massenzahl A.
4 - N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
5 - Bezeichnung des Bismut-Isotops; gegebenenfalls Trivialnamen.
6 - Relative Atommasse des Bismut-Isotops (Isotopenmasse inklusive Elektronen) und in eckigen Klammern die Masse des Atomkerns (Kernmasse, Nuklidmasse ohne Elektronen), jeweils bezogen auf 12C = 12,00000 [2]. Zusätzlich ist der Massenüberschuss (Massenexzess) in MeV angegeben.
7 - Kernspin I, Einheit: h/2π.
8 - Kernmagnetisches Moment μmag.
9 - Ausgangsnuklide: Mögliche, angenommene oder tatsächliche Ausgangs-Nuklide (Mutternuklide, Elternnuklide). Die entsprechenden Zerfalls-Modi sind gegebenenfalls bei den Daten des jeweiligen Ausgangsnuklids zu finden.
10 - Zerfall: Halbwertszeiten des Bismut-Isotops mit a = Jahre; ; d = Tage; h = Stunden; min = Minuten; s = Sekunden.
11 - Zerfall: Zerfallsart in die jeweiligen Tochternuklide mit n = Neutronenemission; p = Protonenemission; α = Alpha-Zerfall; ß- = Beta-Minus-Zerfall unter Elektronenemission; EE = Elektroneneinfang; ß+ = Positronenemission; ε = ß+ und/oder EE; Iso = Isomerieübergang; CZ = Cluster-Zerfall; SZ = Spontanzerfall.
12 - Zerfall: Zerfallsanteil in Prozent (%).
13 - Zerfall: Zerfallsenergie; Partikelenergie bezogen auf Zerfallsart.
14 - AE = Anregungsenergie für metastabile Kerne.
15 - Sonstige Informationen und Hinweise: AL = Weitere Niveaus, so genannte Adopted Levels (Verlinkung auf externe Daten [1]).
Sonstige:
()- Eingeklammerte Ziffern: Unsicherheit zur Darstellung der Streubreite des angegebenen Wertes.
~ - Theoretische Werte oder systematische Trends.
- ungelistet-: Nuklide, die in der Literatur bereits erwänhnt wurden, aber aus irgendwelchen Gründen in den aktuellen Nuklidtabellen nicht mehr zu finden sind, weil sich deren Entdeckung z. B. nicht bestätigt hat.
NMR-aktive Bismut-Nuklide
Nuklid Anteil Spin I | Kernmagnetisches Moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis 107 rad T-1 s-1 | Quadrupol- Moment Q [barn] | Resonanz- Frequenz v0 bei 1 T | Relative Empfindlichkeit H0 = const. v0 = const. * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
209Bi 100 % 9/2- | + 4,1106(2) | 4,3752 | -0,516(15) | 6,9630 | 0,14433 5,3968 |
*) bezogen auf 1H = 1,000
Strahlenschutz
Für den Umgang mit den Bismut-Radionukliden gelten gemäß Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV 2018) unter anderem folgende Werte (Spalten 1 bis 7):
Nuklid | Freigrenzen | HRQ-Schwelle | OFK | Tochternuklide | Halbwertszeit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bi-200 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 36,4 Minuten | |||
Bi-201+ | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 1,8 Stunden | |||
Bi-202 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 1,7 Stunden | |||
Bi-203+ | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 11,8 Stunden | |||
Bi-205+ | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 15,3 Tage | |||
Bi-206 | 105 Bq | 1 Bq/g | 0,02 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | 6,2 Tage | |
Bi-207 | 106 Bq | 0,1 Bq/g | 0,05 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | 31,8 Jahre | |
Bi-210 | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 8 TBq | 100 Bq cm-2 | 5,0 Tage | |
Bi-210m+ | 105 Bq | 0,1 Bq/g | 0,3 TBq | 3000000 Jahre | ||
Bi-212+ | 105 | 10 Bq/g | 0,05 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | 60,5 Minuten | |
Bi-212+ | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 7 × 109 Bq | 1 Bq/cm2 | Tl-208, Po-212 | 60,6 Minuten |
Bi-213+ | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 45,6 Minuten | |||
Bi-214+ | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 19,9 Minuten |
(HRQ = Hochradioaktive Quellen; OFK = Oberflächenkontamination)
Kernisobare Nuklide des Bismuts
Zu den Bismut-Nukliden isobare Atomkerne befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; Z = Ordnungszahl; A = Nukleonenzahl (Massenzahl).
Z: | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U |
184 | 184Lu | 184Hf | 184Ta | 184W | 184Re | 184Os | 184Ir | 184Pt | 184Au | 184Hg | 184Tl | 184Pb | 184Bi | 184Fl | ||||||||
185 | 185Hf | 185Ta | 185W | 185Re | 185Os | 185Ir | 185Pt | 185Au | 185Hg | 185Tl | 185Pb | 185Bi | ||||||||||
186 | 186Hf | 186Ta | 186W | 186Re | 186Os | 186Ir | 186Pt | 186Au | 186Hg | 186Tl | 186Pb | 186Bi | ||||||||||
187 | 187Hf | 187Ta | 187W | 187Re | 187Os | 187Ir | 187Pt | 187Au | 187Hg | 187Tl | 187Pb | 187Bi | 187Po | |||||||||
188 | 188Hf | 188Ta | 188W | 188Re | 188Os | 188Ir | 188Pt | 188Au | 188Hg | 188Tl | 188Pb | 188Bi | 188Po | |||||||||
189 | 189Hf | 189Ta | 189W | 189Re | 189Os | 189Ir | 189Pt | 189Au | 189Hg | 189Tl | 189Pb | 189Bi | 189Po | |||||||||
190 | 190Ta | 190W | 190Re | 190Os | 190Ir | 190Pt | 190Au | 190Hg | 190Tl | 190Pb | 190Bi | 190Po | ||||||||||
191 | 191Ta | 191W | 191Re | 191Os | 191Ir | 191Pt | 191Au | 191Hg | 191Tl | 191Pb | 191Bi | 191Po | 191At | |||||||||
192 | 192Ta | 192W | 192Re | 192Os | 192Ir | 192Pt | 192Au | 192Hg | 192Tl | 192Pb | 192Bi | 192Po | 192At | |||||||||
193 | 193W | 193Re | 193Os | 193Ir | 193Pt | 193Au | 193Hg | 193Tl | 193Pb | 193Bi | 193Po | 193At | 193Rn | |||||||||
194 | 194W | 194Re | 194Os | 194Ir | 194Pt | 194Au | 194Hg | 194Tl | 194Pb | 194Bi | 194Po | 194At | 194Rn | |||||||||
195 | 195Re | 195Os | 195Ir | 195Pt | 195Au | 195Hg | 195Tl | 195Pb | 195Bi | 195Po | 195At | 195Rn | ||||||||||
196 | 196Os | 196Ir | 196Pt | 196Au | 196Hg | 196Tl | 196Pb | 196Bi | 196Po | 196At | 196Rn | |||||||||||
197 | 197Os | 197Ir | 197Pt | 197Au | 197Hg | 197Tl | 197Pb | 197Bi | 197Po | 197At | 197Rn | |||||||||||
198 | 198Os | 198Ir | 198Pt | 198Au | 198Hg | 198Tl | 198Pb | 198Bi | 198Po | 198At | 198Rn | |||||||||||
199 | 199Os | 199Ir | 199Pt | 199Au | 199Hg | 199Tl | 199Pb | 199Bi | 199Po | 199At | 199Rn | 199Fr | ||||||||||
200 | 200Os | 200Ir | 200Pt | 200Au | 200Hg | 200Tl | 200Pb | 200Bi | 200Po | 200At | 200Rn | 200Fr | ||||||||||
201 | 201Ir | 201Pt | 201Au | 201Hg | 201Tl | 201Pb | 201Bi | 201Po | 201At | 201Rn | 201Fr | 201Ra | ||||||||||
202 | 202Ir | 202Pt | 202Au | 202Hg | 202Tl | 202Pb | 202Bi | 202Po | 202At | 202Rn | 202Fr | 202Ra | ||||||||||
203 | 203Pt | 203Au | 203Hg | 203Tl | 203Pb | 203Bi | 203Po | 203At | 203Rn | 203Fr | 203Ra | |||||||||||
204 | 204Pt | 204Au | 204Hg | 204Tl | 204Pb | 204Bi | 204Po | 204At | 204Rn | 204Fr | 204Ra | |||||||||||
205 | 205Pt | 205Au | 205Hg | 205Tl | 205Pb | 205Bi | 205Po | 205At | 205Rn | 205Fr | 205Ra | |||||||||||
206 | 206Au | 206Hg | 206Tl | 206Pb | 206Bi | 206Po | 206At | 206Rn | 206Fr | 206Ra | 206Ac | |||||||||||
207 | 207Au | 207Hg | 207Tl | 207Pb | 207Bi | 207Po | 207At | 207Rn | 207Fr | 207Ra | 207Ac | |||||||||||
208 | 208Au | 208Hg | 208Tl | 208Pb | 208Bi | 208Po | 208At | 208Rn | 208Fr | 208Ra | 208Ac | 208Th | ||||||||||
209 | 209Au | 209Hg | 209Tl | 209Pb | 209Bi | 209Po | 209At | 209Rn | 209Fr | 209Ra | 209Ac | 209Th | ||||||||||
210 | 210Au | 210Hg | 210Tl | 210Pb | 210Bi | 210Po | 210At | 210Rn | 210Fr | 210Ra | 210Ac | 210Th | ||||||||||
211 | 211Hg | 211Tl | 211Pb | 211Bi | 211Po | 211At | 211Rn | 211Fr | 211Ra | 211Ac | 211Th | |||||||||||
212 | 212Hg | 212Tl | 212Pb | 212Bi | 212Po | 212At | 212Rn | 212Fr | 212Ra | 212Ac | 212Th | 212Pa | ||||||||||
213 | 213Hg | 213Tl | 213Pb | 213Bi | 213Po | 213At | 213Rn | 213Fr | 213Ra | 213Ac | 213Th | 213Pa | ||||||||||
214 | 214Hg | 214Tl | 214Pb | 214Bi | 214Po | 214At | 214Rn | 214Fr | 214Ra | 214Ac | 214Th | 214Pa | ||||||||||
215 | 215Hg | 215Tl | 215Pb | 215Bi | 215Po | 215At | 215Rn | 215Fr | 215Ra | 215Ac | 215Th | 215Pa | ||||||||||
216 | 216Hg | 216Tl | 216Pb | 216Bi | 216Po | 216At | 216Rn | 216Fr | 216Ra | 216Ac | 216Th | 216Pa | ||||||||||
217 | 217Tl | 217Pb | 217Bi | 217Po | 217At | 217Rn | 217Fr | 217Ra | 217Ac | 217Th | 217Pa | 217U | ||||||||||
218 | 218Pb | 218Bi | 218Po | 218At | 218Rn | 218Fr | 218Ra | 218Ac | 218Th | 218Pa | 218U | |||||||||||
219 | 219Pb | 219Bi | 219Po | 219At | 219Rn | 219Fr | 219Ra | 219Ac | 219Th | 219Pa | 219U | |||||||||||
220 | 220Pb | 220Bi | 220Po | 220At | 220Rn | 220Fr | 220Ra | 220Ac | 220Th | 220Pa | 220U | |||||||||||
221 | 221Bi | 221Po | 221At | 221Rn | 221Fr | 221Ra | 221Ac | 221Th | 221Pa | 221U |
Kernisotone Nuklide des Bismuts
Die zu den Bismut-Kernen isotonen Nuklide befinden sich in der jeweiligen Tabellenzeile; N = Anzahl der Neutronen.
101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
161Nd | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
162Pm | 163Pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
163Sm | 164Sm | 165Sm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
164Eu | 165Eu | 166Eu | 167Eu | 168Eu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
165Gd | 166Gd | 167Gd | 168Gd | 169Gd | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166Tb | 167Tb | 168Tb | 169Tb | 170Tb | 171Tb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
167Dy | 168Dy | 169Dy | 170Dy | 171Dy | 172Dy | 173Dy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
168Ho | 169Ho | 170Ho | 171Ho | 172Ho | 173Ho | 174Ho | 175Ho | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
169Er | 170Er | 171Er | 172Er | 173Er | 174Er | 175Er | 176Er | 177Er | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
170Tm | 171Tm | 172Tm | 173Tm | 174Tm | 175Tm | 176Tm | 177Tm | 178Tm | 179Tm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
171Yb | 172Yb | 173Yb | 174Yb | 175Yb | 176Yb | 177Yb | 178Yb | 179Yb | 180Yb | 181Yb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
172Lu | 173Lu | 174Lu | 175Lu | 176Lu | 177Lu | 178Lu | 179Lu | 180Lu | 181Lu | 182Lu | 183Lu | 184Lu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
173Hf | 174Hf | 175Hf | 176Hf | 177Hf | 178Hf | 179Hf | 180Hf | 181Hf | 182Hf | 183Hf | 184Hf | 185Hf | 186Hf | 187Hf | 188Hf | 189Hf | |||||||||||||||||||||
174Ta | 175Ta | 176Ta | 177Ta | 178Ta | 179Ta | 180Ta | 181Ta | 182Ta | 183Ta | 184Ta | 185Ta | 186Ta | 187Ta | 188Ta | 189Ta | 190Ta | 191Ta | 192Ta | |||||||||||||||||||
175W | 176W | 177W | 178W | 179W | 180W | 181W | 182W | 183W | 184W | 185W | 186W | 187W | 188W | 189W | 190W | 191W | 192W | 193W | 194W | ||||||||||||||||||
176Re | 177Re | 178Re | 179Re | 180Re | 181Re | 182Re | 183Re | 184Re | 185Re | 186Re | 187Re | 188Re | 189Re | 190Re | 191Re | 192Re | 193Re | 194Re | 195Re | ||||||||||||||||||
177Os | 178Os | 179Os | 180Os | 181Os | 182Os | 183Os | 184Os | 185Os | 186Os | 187Os | 188Os | 189Os | 190Os | 191Os | 192Os | 193Os | 194Os | 195Os | 196Os | 197Os | 198Os | 199Os | 200Os | ||||||||||||||
178Ir | 179Ir | 180Ir | 181Ir | 182Ir | 183Ir | 184Ir | 185Ir | 186Ir | 187Ir | 188Ir | 189Ir | 190Ir | 191Ir | 192Ir | 193Ir | 194Ir | 195Ir | 196Ir | 197Ir | 198Ir | 199Ir | 200Ir | 201Ir | 202Ir | |||||||||||||
179Pt | 180Pt | 181Pt | 182Pt | 183Pt | 184Pt | 185Pt | 186Pt | 187Pt | 188Pt | 189Pt | 190Pt | 191Pt | 192Pt | 193Pt | 194Pt | 195Pt | 196Pt | 197Pt | 198Pt | 199Pt | 200Pt | 201Pt | 202Pt | 203Pt | 204Pt | 205Pt | |||||||||||
180Au | 181Au | 182Au | 183Au | 184Au | 185Au | 186Au | 187Au | 188Au | 189Au | 190Au | 191Au | 192Au | 193Au | 194Au | 195Au | 196Au | 197Au | 198Au | 199Au | 200Au | 201Au | 202Au | 203Au | 204Au | 205Au | 206Au | 207Au | 208Au | 209Au | 210Au | |||||||
181Hg | 182Hg | 183Hg | 184Hg | 185Hg | 186Hg | 187Hg | 188Hg | 189Hg | 190Hg | 191Hg | 192Hg | 193Hg | 194Hg | 195Hg | 196Hg | 197Hg | 198Hg | 199Hg | 200Hg | 201Hg | 202Hg | 203Hg | 204Hg | 205Hg | 206Hg | 207Hg | 208Hg | 209Hg | 210Hg | 211Hg | 212Hg | 213Hg | 214Hg | 215Hg | 216Hg | ||
182Tl | 183Tl | 184Tl | 185Tl | 186Tl | 187Tl | 188Tl | 189Tl | 190Tl | 191Tl | 192Tl | 193Tl | 194Tl | 195Tl | 196Tl | 197Tl | 198Tl | 199Tl | 200Tl | 201Tl | 202Tl | 203Tl | 204Tl | 205Tl | 206Tl | 207Tl | 208Tl | 209Tl | 210Tl | 211Tl | 212Tl | 213Tl | 214Tl | 215Tl | 216Tl | 217Tl | ||
183Pb | 184Pb | 185Pb | 186Pb | 187Pb | 188Pb | 189Pb | 190Pb | 191Pb | 192Pb | 193Pb | 194Pb | 195Pb | 196Pb | 197Pb | 198Pb | 199Pb | 200Pb | 201Pb | 202Pb | 203Pb | 204Pb | 205Pb | 206Pb | 207Pb | 208Pb | 209Pb | 210Pb | 211Pb | 212Pb | 213Pb | 214Pb | 215Pb | 216Pb | 217Pb | 218Pb | 219Pb | 220Pb |
184Bi | 185Bi | 186Bi | 187Bi | 188Bi | 189Bi | 190Bi | 191Bi | 192Bi | 193Bi | 194Bi | 195Bi | 196Bi | 197Bi | 198Bi | 199Bi | 200Bi | 201Bi | 202Bi | 203Bi | 204Bi | 205Bi | 206Bi | 207Bi | 208Bi | 209Bi | 210Bi | 211Bi | 212Bi | 213Bi | 214Bi | 215Bi | 216Bi | 217Bi | 218Bi | 219Bi | 220Bi | 221Bi |
187Po | 188Po | 189Po | 190Po | 191Po | 192Po | 193Po | 194Po | 195Po | 196Po | 197Po | 198Po | 199Po | 200Po | 201Po | 202Po | 203Po | 204Po | 205Po | 206Po | 207Po | 208Po | 209Po | 210Po | 211Po | 212Po | 213Po | 214Po | 215Po | 216Po | 217Po | 218Po | 219Po | 220Po | 221Po | 222Po | ||
191At | 192At | 193At | 194At | 195At | 196At | 197At | 198At | 199At | 200At | 201At | 202At | 203At | 204At | 205At | 206At | 207At | 208At | 209At | 210At | 211At | 212At | 213At | 214At | 215At | 216At | 217At | 218At | 219At | 220At | 221At | 222At | 223At | |||||
193Rn | 194Rn | 195Rn | 196Rn | 197Rn | 198Rn | 199Rn | 200Rn | 201Rn | 202Rn | 203Rn | 204Rn | 205Rn | 206Rn | 207Rn | 208Rn | 209Rn | 210Rn | 211Rn | 212Rn | 213Rn | 214Rn | 215Rn | 216Rn | 217Rn | 218Rn | 219Rn | 220Rn | 221Rn | 222Rn | 223Rn | 224Rn | ||||||
199Fr | 200Fr | 201Fr | 202Fr | 203Fr | 204Fr | 205Fr | 206Fr | 207Fr | 208Fr | 209Fr | 210Fr | 211Fr | 212Fr | 213Fr | 214Fr | 215Fr | 216Fr | 217Fr | 218Fr | 219Fr | 220Fr | 221Fr | 222Fr | 223Fr | 224Fr | 225Fr | |||||||||||
201Ra | 202Ra | 203Ra | 204Ra | 205Ra | 206Ra | 207Ra | 208Ra | 209Ra | 210Ra | 211Ra | 212Ra | 213Ra | 214Ra | 215Ra | 216Ra | 217Ra | 218Ra | 219Ra | 220Ra | 221Ra | 222Ra | 223Ra | 224Ra | 225Ra | 226Ra | ||||||||||||
205Ac | 206Ac | 207Ac | 208Ac | 209Ac | 210Ac | 211Ac | 212Ac | 213Ac | 214Ac | 215Ac | 216Ac | 217Ac | 218Ac | 219Ac | 220Ac | 221Ac | 222Ac | 223Ac | 224Ac | 225Ac | 226Ac | 227Ac | |||||||||||||||
208Th | 209Th | 210Th | 211Th | 212Th | 213Th | 214Th | 215Th | 216Th | 217Th | 218Th | 219Th | 220Th | 221Th | 222Th | 223Th | 224Th | 225Th | 226Th | 227Th | 228Th | |||||||||||||||||
212Pa | 213Pa | 214Pa | 215Pa | 216Pa | 217Pa | 218Pa | 219Pa | 220Pa | 221Pa | 222Pa | 223Pa | 224Pa | 225Pa | 226Pa | 227Pa | 228Pa | 229Pa | ||||||||||||||||||||
216U | 217U | 218U | 219U | 220U | 221U | 222U | 223U | 224U | 225U | 226U | 227U | 228U | 229U | 230U | |||||||||||||||||||||||
219Np | 225Np | 226Np | 227Np | 228Np | 229Np | 230Np | 231Np | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
228Pu | 229Pu | 230Pu | 231Pu | 232Pu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
223Am | 229Am | 230Am | 231Am | 232Am | 233Am | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
232Cm | 233Cm | 234Cm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
233Bk | 234Bk | 235Bk |
Literatur und Hinweise
Eigenschaften der Bismut-Isotope
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Bismut: Kernmagnetische Eigenschaften - 209Bi-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
Weitere Quellen:
[8] - Isotopenhäufigkeiten, Atommassen und Isotopenmassen: Siehe unter dem jeweiligen Stichwort.
[9] - Pierre de Marcillac, Noël Coron, Gérard Dambier, Jacques Leblanc, Jean-Pierre Moalic:
Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth.
In: Nature, (2003), DOI 10.1038/nature01541.
[10] - C. Fry, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2013), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2012.01.005.
Kategorie: Chemische Elemente
Letzte Änderung am 16.12.2022.
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